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畢業(yè)論文摘要范文
艱苦的大學(xué)生活即將結(jié)束,大學(xué)生們畢業(yè)前都要通過(guò)最后的畢業(yè)論文,畢業(yè)論文是一種有準(zhǔn)備的檢驗(yàn)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)成果的形式,那么寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文需要注意哪些問(wèn)題呢?下面是小編收集整理的畢業(yè)論文摘要,歡迎閱讀,希望大家能夠喜歡。摘要是每篇論文不可或缺的一部分,不論職稱(chēng)論文還是畢業(yè)論文,摘要是少不了的。
畢業(yè)論文摘要 篇1
1.摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)
摘要字?jǐn)?shù)要求在300~400字之間
2.摘要的基本規(guī)范
(1)應(yīng)以第三人稱(chēng)寫(xiě)作.摘要是完整的短文,具有獨(dú)立性,可以單獨(dú)使用.即使不看論文全文的內(nèi)容,仍然可以理解論文的主要內(nèi)容,作者的新觀點(diǎn)和想法以及論文所要實(shí)現(xiàn)的目的,采取的方法,研究的結(jié)果與結(jié)論;
(2)敘述完整,突出邏輯性,短文結(jié)構(gòu)要合理;
(3)文字簡(jiǎn)明扼要,不容贅言,采用直接表述的`方法,不使用不必要的文學(xué)修飾,做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量;
(4)摘要中不使用特殊字符,圖表以及由特殊字符組成的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式,不能列舉例證;
3.摘要的內(nèi)容構(gòu)成要素目的,方法,對(duì)象和結(jié)論稱(chēng)為摘要的四要素;
(1)目的:畢業(yè)論文研究的范圍,目的,重要性;
(2)方法:畢業(yè)論文的使用了哪些研究方法;
(3)成果:陳述畢業(yè)論文研究成果;
(4)結(jié)論:通過(guò)對(duì)問(wèn)題的研究所得出的重要結(jié)論及主要觀點(diǎn)(簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)),
4.畢業(yè)論文摘要樣例;
(論文題目:個(gè)人所得稅流失問(wèn)題的探討)
摘 要:自1993年統(tǒng)一個(gè)人所得稅以來(lái),個(gè)人所得稅隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展,個(gè)人收入的增加成為我國(guó)目前增長(zhǎng)速度最快的稅種.但同時(shí)個(gè)人所得稅也是我國(guó)稅收流失比較嚴(yán)重的稅種之一,因此對(duì)個(gè)人所得稅稅收流失機(jī)理的探討,流失規(guī)模的測(cè)算顯得尤為重要.運(yùn)用數(shù)量分析與規(guī)范分析相結(jié)合的方法,以黑龍江省為例初步測(cè)算個(gè)人所得稅流失的規(guī)模,證明稅收流失的嚴(yán)重性,解釋個(gè)人所得稅流失的主要原因是由于稅收制度的不完善,稅收法制建設(shè)滯后而造成的收入分配機(jī)制扭曲,加之信用制度缺失,傳統(tǒng)文化的慣性等諸多原因加劇了稅收流失的規(guī)模,并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出借鑒國(guó)外成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)提出盡快出臺(tái)稅收基本法,完善個(gè)人所得稅制度及建立個(gè)人信用制度的對(duì)策建議。
畢業(yè)論文摘要 篇2
摘 要
中小企業(yè)在一國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)中發(fā)揮的作用具有不可替代性,但其進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展卻受到許多因素制約,這些因素中最突出的表現(xiàn)就是融資難。
中小企業(yè)融資難是一個(gè)普遍性的問(wèn)題,包括融資渠道不暢、融資結(jié)構(gòu)失衡、融資成本高等一系列融資難的問(wèn)題已經(jīng)對(duì)我國(guó)中小企業(yè)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展構(gòu)成了瓶頸制約。
中小企業(yè)在融資方面的`“營(yíng)養(yǎng)”不良以及由此帶來(lái)的“健康”狀況上的每況愈下正引起人們的廣泛關(guān)注。
本文立足企業(yè)和銀行,著眼于整個(gè)社會(huì)信用環(huán)境和政府職能,遵循提出問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題以及依據(jù)國(guó)情并借鑒其他國(guó)家做法解決問(wèn)題的基本思路,對(duì)我國(guó)中小企業(yè)融資問(wèn)題的現(xiàn)狀、成因和解決辦法進(jìn)行了深入的分析和探討,力圖做到系統(tǒng)綜合,標(biāo)本兼治。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 中小企業(yè) 融資 成因 現(xiàn)狀 解決對(duì)策
On the SME financing and sustainable development
Abstract
SME s roles playing in one national economy cannot be substituted by anything else, but SME s further development will subject to many factors, the most prominent aspect of which is SME s financing difficulty. SME s financing difficulty is a widespread issue, but the solutions of different countries or areas to it should be based differently upon their conditions in terms of whattype of financing channels should be used in resolving financing issue. In present periods of our economic development,. This article based on enterprises and banks, focusing on the entire social credit environment and government functions, to follow questions, analyze problems and in accordance with national conditions and practices in other countries to solve the problem of the basic ideas, on Chinas small and medium enterprises financing the current situation, causes and solutions an in-depth analysis and discussion of trying to do systems integration, both temporary and permanent cures.
[Key words] SMEs Financing Innovation
畢業(yè)論文摘要 篇3
超高產(chǎn)小麥01-35的耐冷性研究
作 者 XXX級(jí)XX班 XXX
指導(dǎo)教師 XXX 副教授
摘要:本文以魯麥14為對(duì)照材料,通過(guò)對(duì)相對(duì)電導(dǎo)度、光合參數(shù)、葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)等指標(biāo)的測(cè)定,研究了不同低溫脅迫時(shí)間對(duì)超高產(chǎn)小麥新品系01-35的光合速率,熒光特性,PSⅡ功能,卡爾文循環(huán),熱耗散的`影響以及低溫解除后其光合功能的恢復(fù)過(guò)程,比較這兩種小麥的耐冷性。
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:經(jīng)低溫處理相同的時(shí)間,魯麥14的相對(duì)電導(dǎo)度上升的幅度,光合速率及葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)Fv/Fm和ΦPSⅡ下降的幅度均大于超麥,在恢復(fù)過(guò)程中,魯麥14的恢復(fù)程度不如01-35,說(shuō)明01-35對(duì)低溫的耐受性要強(qiáng)于魯麥14。
關(guān)鍵詞:小麥,低溫脅迫,恢復(fù)過(guò)程,耐冷性
Abstract: Effects of low temperature on photosynthetic rate, characteristic of chlorophyll fluorescence, photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) functions and subsequent recovery were investigated in high yield winter wheat cultivar 01-35 and Lumai 14(L14) by measurement of relative conductivity, characters of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. It was showed that after the same low temperature treatment, the relative conductivity of Lumai 14(L14) increased higher than that of 01-35, simultaneously range of photosynthetic rate and Fv/Fm and ΦPSⅡ decrease was wider in Lumai 14(L14); the results also revealed that to the degree of recoveryin normal condition, Lumai 14(L14) was not good as 01-35. All the results concluded that the ability of cold stress tolerance of 01-35 was better than that of Lumai 14(L14).
Key words: wheat, low temperature, recovery, cold stress resistance
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