本科英語(yǔ)論文大綱

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本科英語(yǔ)論文大綱模板

　　本科英語(yǔ)論文大綱怎么寫?看看下面的本科英語(yǔ)論文大綱模板范文!

本科英語(yǔ)論文大綱模板

　　英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文正文格式【1】

　　1. Introduction(小三，粗體)

　　A paragraph is a group of related sentences developing one central idea, or expressing one unit of thought. The typical paragraph is a discourse unit smaller than the complete essay but longer than the sentence, though graphs and one-paragraph essays.

　　This middle position makes the paragraph extremely important in essay writing. For one thing, it is possible to write a good essay only when we can write well-structured and well-connected paragraphs.

　　In fact, the paragraph may be regarded as mini-essay it shares many features with the complete essay. For another, producing a well-formed paragraph involves more than the ability to write correct and good sentences.

　　Therefore, for the beginning writers who have learnt the Basic English grammar and have acquired a workable vocabulary, the training in paragraph writing is the crucial first step towards writing well in English. (小四，1.5倍行距)

　　(標(biāo)題不縮進(jìn);正文首行縮進(jìn)兩個(gè)字符)

　　注意頁(yè)眉、頁(yè)腳

　　2. The topic sentence

　　We have known the importance of paragraph writing, but how can we write a paragraph? First of all, we need to decide on our purpose; we need to decide in advance what idea we are trying to communicate in our paragraph; we need have a topic sentence, in most cases, to make our idea clear.

　　The topic sentence expresses our paragraph’s central idea or purpose, it indicates what the paragraph is about, or what it will describe or discuss. A good topic sentence serves as a guide, reminding the writer of the paragraph’s boundaries and, therefore, helping to assure a well-unified paragraph.

　　But what should an effective topic sentence be like? The following are some of topic sentences expressed in the form of a sacrament:

　�、賅omen are playing an increasingly important part in society today.

　�、赥elevision presents a vivid world in front of us.

　�、踂riting an outline is an aid to organizing a composition.

　�、蹺xercise is important to the health.

　�、軸pring is the most pleasant season of the year.

　�、轊ducation is a glorious cause.

　　The above topic sentences are successful because they not only introduce limited topic but also give the writer’s opinion about each topic.

　　Here are two more topic sentences:

　�、逩oing to college is expensive.

　�、郚orthwestern is a university in Illinois.

　　Of the two topic sentences, ⑦is too general and ⑧is a factual one, so they allow no development. From above we know an effective topic sentence has three characteristics: it includes a subject and a controlling idea; it is limited; and it lends itself to development.

　　Topic sentence usually appears at the beginning, but may also be found in the middle or at the end, of a paragraph.

　　We can also see how every philosopher reflects the social life at his day. Plato and Aristotle, in the slave-owning society of ancient Greece, Thought man’s highest state was contemplation rather than activity. In the Middle Ages St.

　　Thomas believed in a regular feudal system of nine ranks of angels. Herbert Spencer, in the time of free competition between capitalist, found the key to progress in the survival of the fittest.

　　Thus Marxism is seen to fit into its place as the philosophy for the workers, the only class with a future

　　----J.B.S. Haldane

　　The topic sentence of this paragraph is the first sentence “Every philosopher reflects the social life of his day.”

　　When a writer places a topic sentence at the end of a paragraph, it often serves as a climax to the details that come before it. Biology major Ben Wright, in a paragraph from a report focusing on the benefits of genetic engineering, places the topic sentence last.

　　Recently scientists used a bacterium called agro bacterium tumefactions to transfer a special insect and disease resistant gene into the cells of walnut tree plants.

　　Texts proved that the insect and disease resistant characteristics at the special gene had been successfully in corporeity into the walnut plant’s genetic material. Clearly, this genetic feat has major implications for growers who produce American 300-million-a-year walnut crop, but moreover, it also has important implications for health-minded consumers’ when researchers are able to transfer insect and disease resistant genes o all food-bearing plants, then genetic engineering can be used to protect us from the poisonous insecticides and pesticides that growers use on their crops.

　　Sometimes, when a writer leaves out a topic sentence the discussion must be so clear that the controlling idea of the paragraph is strongly implied.

　　The room is located on the fifth floor of a high building. One third of its total floor space is taken up by a double bed. Facing it, in the corner behind the door, stands a cupboard loaded with pats, bowls, dishes, bottles and bags of rice and flour.

　　A desk completely fills the gap between the bed and the wall with the window. Behind the desk is a chair, the only one in the room; and it almost touches the boxes and trunk piled against the wall on the opposite side.

　　---- A student

　　All the details mentioned in the paragraph describe what the room looks like, it is a unified paragraph without a topic sentence.

　　In a word, it is unnecessary for a writer to care much about whether there is a topic sentence or not and where it is placed but the subject and controlling idea must be clear.

　　3. Coherence

　　Now we have had a controlling idea. How can we develop it into a good paragraph? Certain rules should be abided by which govern the construction of a paragraph, that is, a paragraph should be unified---with all its sentences relevant to the central idea, coherent---with its organization following a definite plan, and adequately explaining the central idea.

　　To achieve unity in a paragraph we must make each sentence in the paragraph contribute to the controlling.

　　Any sentence that violates this unity should be deleted. Now to make each sentence contribute to the controlling idea of our paragraph, we’d better prepare a rough outline before writing, so that any irrelevant sentences will be apparent. Study this in next paragraph with its outline.

　　The topic sentence:

　　Jefferson was a good and tireless writer.

　　Evidence:

　�、貴ifty---volume

　　words.

　�、贏uthor of the Deliration of Independence.

　�、跡ffect of his writing.

　　The paragraph:

　　Jefferson was a good tireless writer. His complete word, now being published for the first time, will fill more than 5 volumes. His talent as an author was soon discovered, and when the time came to write the declaration of Independence at Philadelphia in 1776, the task of writing it was his, Millions have thrilled to his words: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal

　　---Intensive College English Textbook, Band 2

　　So we can say this paragraph is unified because every sentence in it contribute to the controlling idea--- “Jefferson was a good and tireless writer.”

　　We have achieved unity of the paragraph, that is, all its sentences are relevant to the central idea. But what is the relationship between them? How should we arrange them? Therefore, we must think of coherence.

　　A coherent paragraph is one in which the relationship of any given sentences to the one before or after it is clear and the transitions between the sentences are smooth, we can take the following ways to get to coherence.

　　3.1 Arranging sentences(四號(hào)，粗體)

　　There are three commonly used, for example, to either describe or prescribe a step-by-step procedure: First connect the vacuum tube…then return the plate…finally close the contact bey… The most characteristic features of description in time order are:

　　Time adverbs and phrases:

　　In 1995, last week, at 10:00, first, second, soon, finally.

　　Verb tense sequencing:

　　Originally we wanted to…

　　More recently we have attempted to…

　　Grammatical parallelism:

　　Now we are trying to…

　　In the future we shall try to…

　　Space Order:

　　Descriptive paragraphs lend themselves quite easily to a special arrangement from left to right, from right to left, from near to far, from the central outward and so on. The following paragraph is part of an advertisement which describes where the house is and its atmosphere about it.

　　For Sale:

　　A beautiful 4-bedroomed house, built in 1979, on St.

　　Andrews Avenue. The house stands on its own in the middle of trees and open space, away from the rode. There is a large garden with a beautiful lawn and flower-beds. The house is only about 1 mile from the centre of the town, which has a large shopping centre, cinemas, and a theatre and so on. The railway station is also very close.

　　---Michael Carrier

　　Order of Climax:

　　The paragraph of climactic order arranges its basic materials from least to most important.

　　It was a typical Russian winter. The first snowstorm had turned everything white. The wind was howling, Swirling and tumbling over lend of ice and snow, freezing and destroying whatever stood in its way.

　　A ragged misshapen army, cold, hungry and deceasing in size every day, was staging and struggling desperately for survival. The year was 1812. The army was the remnants of Napoleons expeditionary force which was with clawing from Russian after suffering its worst defeat.

　　---A student

　　If the fact told in the last sentence were mentioned in the first sentence, the total effect of the paragraph would be much weaker.

　　3.2 Linking sentences by using pronouns

　　A pronoun has no real meaning of its own; it depends on its antecedent. If a pronoun does not have a clear reference, then the reader dose not know what the pronouns mean. So we must do as the following:

　　3.2.1 Avoiding ambiguous references

　�、貯mbiguous references:

　　Joe told Brenda that she had passed the exam.

　　②Clear references:

　　Joe told Brenda, “You have passed the exam.”

　　Joe told Brenda, “I have passed the exam.”

　　3.2.2 Avoiding remote or obscure references(小四，粗體)

　　A pronoun that is located too far from it antecedent will not have a clear meaning, nor will a pronoun that refers to an antecedent in the possessive case.

　　①Remote references:

　　Carrie went to the beach for her spring vacation. The sky was clear and temperature warm for the entire two weeks she was there. But it was two crowed that she could not enjoy herself.

　�、贑lear references:

　　Carrie went to the beach for her spring vacation. The sky was clear and temperature warm for the entire two weeks she was there. But the beach was too crowed that she could not enjoy herself.

　　3.2.3 Avoiding broad references

　�、貰road references:

　　He was a good swimmer and he used it to earn money as a lifeguard.

　�、贑lear references:

　　He was a good swimmer and he used his ability to earn money as a lifeguard.

　　3.2.4 Avoiding pronoun “it”

　　Awkward:

　　Although it is impractical for me to own a dog now, I have decided to get it anyway.

　　Clear:

　　Although it is impractical for me to own a dog now, I have decided to get one anyway.

　　①Link sentences by repeating key words or idea from the preceding sentences.

　�、贚ink sentences by using by such transitional expressions as however, but, therefore, furthermore, then, and to sum up.

　�、跮ink sentences by using parallel structure---that is, by repeating a sentence pattern.

　　外語(yǔ)學(xué)院英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文大綱【2】

　　一、總綱

　　畢業(yè)論文，是大學(xué)本科教學(xué)的最后一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。

　　是對(duì)整個(gè)大學(xué)階段學(xué)習(xí)的回顧與總結(jié)，是學(xué)生綜合能力的體現(xiàn)，也是對(duì)學(xué)生的一次語(yǔ)言及相關(guān)科學(xué)研究的一次基本訓(xùn)練，因此，要求學(xué)生以高度認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度對(duì)待此項(xiàng)工作。

　　做好畢業(yè)論文的指導(dǎo)工作是整個(gè)大學(xué)教學(xué)和教育的重要和必要內(nèi)容，也是理論教學(xué)的重要組成部分。

　　每一位教師都要以高度的社會(huì)責(zé)任感和敬業(yè)精神投入到此項(xiàng)工作中去，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生順利完成畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)。

　　二、畢業(yè)論文的階段及要求

　　論文工作主要分以下幾個(gè)階段：準(zhǔn)備(資料的收集與整理、閱讀文獻(xiàn))、撰寫提綱、第一稿、第二稿、第三稿、定稿與答辯。

　　(一)準(zhǔn)備：學(xué)生可以自由選擇研究范圍(語(yǔ)言、文學(xué)、文化、社會(huì)問(wèn)題、應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易、科技、社會(huì)生活等)，但要在教師的指導(dǎo)下對(duì)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行資料的收集整理和分析來(lái)確定畢業(yè)論文題目。

　　(二)撰寫提綱：

　　學(xué)生在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下分析和研究所采集的資料的基礎(chǔ)上，撰寫畢業(yè)論文提綱。

　　同時(shí)也要求每一位指導(dǎo)教師在學(xué)生形成畢業(yè)論文提綱前一定要與每位被指導(dǎo)的學(xué)生進(jìn)行討論，畢業(yè)論文提綱應(yīng)盡量做到全面縝密，理順?biāo)撌鰞?nèi)容，避免以后反復(fù)修改。

　　(三)第一稿：要求學(xué)生必須嚴(yán)格按照指導(dǎo)教師審定后的畢業(yè)論文提綱進(jìn)行寫作,

　　不可自行其是，隨意更換主題。

　　第一稿完成以后，指導(dǎo)教師主要檢查學(xué)生是否按照既定的提綱和思想在寫作，及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題及時(shí)糾正。

　　如學(xué)生采取不認(rèn)真的態(tài)度，指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)對(duì)其提出嚴(yán)肅的批評(píng)教育，拒不接受者，指導(dǎo)教師有權(quán)提出相應(yīng)的處理意見，或交學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文工作小組處理。

　　如果指導(dǎo)教師不認(rèn)真指導(dǎo)，隨意放學(xué)生過(guò)關(guān)，以后階段出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題由該教師本人負(fù)責(zé)。

　　(四)第二稿：要求學(xué)生不僅要繼續(xù)補(bǔ)充第一稿之不足，同時(shí)要求在表達(dá)上要有所提高。

　　在接到第二稿以后，指導(dǎo)教師閱讀后應(yīng)指出存在的問(wèn)題，以便學(xué)生及時(shí)改正。

　　(五)第三稿：要求學(xué)生在文風(fēng)、文章格式、修辭等方面有所提高。

　　指導(dǎo)教師要對(duì)第三稿進(jìn)行全面的審閱，并提出修改意見，以保證定稿打印時(shí)所有的錯(cuò)誤和疏漏都得到更正，錯(cuò)誤率控制在規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)。

　　同時(shí)，教師還要提醒學(xué)生在打印前再校對(duì)，以保證盡可能地將正確的版本打印出來(lái)。

　　(六)畢業(yè)論文答辯：畢業(yè)論文的答辯是畢業(yè)論文工作的最后階段，要求學(xué)生予以充分的準(zhǔn)備和重視。

　　論文答辯前，學(xué)生們必須充分熟悉論文，答辯時(shí)，要求學(xué)生能脫稿進(jìn)行5~10分鐘的畢業(yè)論文內(nèi)容的陳述，并流利、準(zhǔn)確地回答答辯委員提出的問(wèn)題。

　　在答辯過(guò)程中，參加答辯的教師要對(duì)答辯人的語(yǔ)言技能(語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法、詞匯、語(yǔ)用)、口筆頭能力、論文內(nèi)容和答辯的表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行認(rèn)真紀(jì)錄，客觀公正地評(píng)分。

　　二、畢業(yè)論文的內(nèi)容：

　　畢業(yè)論文的內(nèi)容可以涉及語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、與語(yǔ)言有關(guān)的問(wèn)題(如，語(yǔ)言教學(xué)、文化等)和相關(guān)專業(yè)的知識(shí)和內(nèi)容(如經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易、管理、市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷等)。

　　其他內(nèi)容，須經(jīng)論文審題小組集體審定。

　　學(xué)生有選擇的論文內(nèi)容的自由，指導(dǎo)教師可以提出建議，但不能代替學(xué)生做出決定。

　　論文內(nèi)容要能反映社會(huì)和時(shí)代特征，具有理論價(jià)值或?qū)嵺`意義，有新穎性。

　　論文可以對(duì)某個(gè)理論問(wèn)題的探討，也可以是實(shí)踐問(wèn)題的解決。

　　論文不僅要反映學(xué)生的綜合能力，而且要反映他們對(duì)相關(guān)問(wèn)題的較為正確的論述，要有一定的獨(dú)立見解。

　　論文必須做到主題明確、論據(jù)清晰、內(nèi)容具體而充實(shí)，切忌空談。

　　寫翻譯的論文，除實(shí)例分析外，還要提供原文的譯文，以便弄清譯論的依據(jù)。

　　如果論文是實(shí)踐性的，它必須提出一定的解決途徑、方案。

　　三、畢業(yè)論文的評(píng)審：

　　指導(dǎo)教師在對(duì)論文評(píng)定成績(jī)時(shí)，要參照學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)、平時(shí)表現(xiàn)出的語(yǔ)言水平和專業(yè)八級(jí)考試的成績(jī)，以正確衡量學(xué)生真實(shí)的語(yǔ)言和認(rèn)識(shí)水平。

　　指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)學(xué)生的畢業(yè)論文成績(jī)提出異議，如不被采納，可提交學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文工作小組商議和仲裁。

　　指導(dǎo)教師如發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生的畢業(yè)論文有抄襲現(xiàn)象，應(yīng)及時(shí)向?qū)W生指出，學(xué)生若不接受批評(píng)，指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)提交到學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文工作小組處理，嚴(yán)重者取消論文資格。

　　指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)杜絕送分的做法，也不可因個(gè)人原因影響對(duì)學(xué)生論文評(píng)價(jià)的客觀性和公正性。

　　四、論文的格式：

　　論文的規(guī)格：正文長(zhǎng)度 5，500—8，500 單詞。

　　使用的語(yǔ)言：英語(yǔ)

　　論文分題目、引言、正文、參考文獻(xiàn)、致謝等部分。

　　引文要注明出處。

　　直接引用要加引號(hào)，間接引文要以轉(zhuǎn)述的方式出現(xiàn)。

　　然后以括號(hào)把引文來(lái)源寫清楚：(作者名，年份，引文所在頁(yè)碼)

　　論文正文部分：

　　1、題目大寫，三號(hào)字，新時(shí)代羅馬字，大寫下面可寫一個(gè)附標(biāo)題，4號(hào)字;

　　2、作者名，5號(hào)字，班級(jí)，學(xué)號(hào)

　　3、指導(dǎo)教師名，5號(hào)字，職稱